COVID-19: Impact on Mental Health
Keywords:
COVID-19, mental health, neuropsychiatric symptoms
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) which was first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has created havoc worldwide. It progressed to the status of a pandemic in March 2020 with countries across the various continents adversely affected.
This coronavirus crisis has not only affected the health, safety & well-being but has also significant negative impact on the mental health. Moreover, stigma of the disease, uncertain prognoses, imposition of unfamiliar preventive measures, large and growing economic burden, and information incessant on media platforms are among some of the major stressors that has undoubtedly contributed to widespread emotional distress. Though this coronavirus crisis has affected the mental health of almost everyone in the world, there are certain groups of people who may be more vulnerable to mental health illness than the rest of the general public. In particular, people who contract the disease, those at heightened risk for it (including the healthcare workers, elderly, people with compromised immune function, and family members/close contacts of COVID-19 patients) and people with pre-existing medical, psychiatric illness are at increased risk for adverse mental health outcomes. This review focusses on impact of COVID-19 on mental health of various population and explores various strategies to tackle these health concerns.
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25. Tang W, Hu T, Hu B, Jin C, Wang G, Xie C, Chen S, Xu J. Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students. J Affect Disord. 2020 Sep 1;274:1-7.
26. Tian F, Li H, Tian S, Yang J, Shao J, Tian C. Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL- 90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19.
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27. McGinty EE, Presskreischer R, Han H, Barry CL. Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA. 2020 Jul 7;324(1):93-94.
28. Grover S, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Avasthi A, Tripathi A, Subramanyan A, Pattojoshi A, Rao GP, Saha G, Mishra KK, Chakraborty K, Rao NP, Vaishnav M, Singh OP, Dalal PK,
Chadda RK, Gupta R, Gautam S, Sarkar S, Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Kumar V, Janardran Reddy YC. Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: An online survey from India.
Indian J Psychiatry. 2020 Jul-Aug;62(4):354-362.
29. Banerjee D, Viswanath B. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 and possible pathogenic mechanisms: Insights from other coronaviruses. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020
Dec;54:102350.
30. Roy A, Singh AK, Mishra S, Chinnadurai A, Mitra A, Bakshi O. Mental health implications of COVID-19 pandemic and its response in India. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020 Sep
1:20764020950769.
2. National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences. Department of Psychiatry. Mental Health in the times of COVID-19 Pandemic Guidelines for General Medical and
Specialised Mental Health Care Settings. Bengaluru; 2020.
3. Kar SK, Yasir Arafat SM, Kabir R, Sharma P, Saxena SK. Coping with Mental Health Challenges During COVID-19. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020 Apr 30:199–
213.
4. Benson NM, Öngür D, Hsu J. COVID-19 testing and patients in mental health facilities. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:476.
5. Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:e21.
6. Zhu Y, Chen L, Ji H, et al. The Risk and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Infections Among Inpatients in Psychiatric Hospitals. Neurosci Bull. 2020;36:299.
7. Shechter A, Diaz F, Moise N, et al. Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;66:1.
8. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e203976.
9. Xiang Y, Jin Y, Cheung T. Joint International Collaboration to Combat Mental Health Challenges During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(10):989– 990.
10. Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:611.
11. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, Ho RC. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors
during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 6;17(5):1729.
12. Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B. COVID-19-associated Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Imaging Features. Radiology.
2020;296(2):E119-E120.
13. Bergquist S, Otten T, Sarich N. COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Health Policy Technol. 2020;9(4):623-638. 14. Kiser SB, Bernacki RE. When the Dust Settles: Preventing a Mental Health Crisis in COVID-19 Clinicians. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Oct 6;173(7):578-579.
15. Abbasi J. Prioritizing Physician Mental Health as COVID-19 Marches On. JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2235-2236.
16. Dzau VJ, Kirch D, Nasca T. Preventing a Parallel Pandemic - A National Strategy to Protect Clinicians’ Well-Being. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):513-515.
17. Kisely S, Warren N, McMahon L, Dalais C, Henry I, Siskind D. Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 May 5;369:m1642.
18. Li W, Yang Y, Liu ZH, Zhao YJ, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Cheung T, Xiang YT. Progression of Mental Health Services during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar
15;16(10):1732-1738.
19. Rossi R, Socci V, Pacitti F, et al. Mental Health Outcomes Among Frontline and Second- Line Health Care Workers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Italy. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3:e2010185.
20. Potloc [Internet]. Canadian Public Health Association. Study: Perception of Canadian health workers around the COVID-19 outbreak. 2020 April 16 [Accessed on July 05,
2020]. Available from: https://potloc.com/blog/en/potlocstudy- canadian-health-workers-insights-front-lines-covid-
19-pandemic/ .
21. Tan BYQ, Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Jing M, Goh Y, Yeo LLL, Zhang K, Chin HK, Ahmad A, Khan FA, Shanmugam GN, Chan BPL, Sunny S, Chandra B, Ong JJY, Paliwal PR, Wong
LYH, Sagayanathan R, Chen JT, Ng AYY, Teoh HL, Ho CS, Ho RC, Sharma VK. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Singapore. Ann Intern
Med. 2020 Aug 18;173(4):317-320.
22. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, Ho RC. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease
(COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 6;17(5):1729.
23. Zhou J, Liu L, Xue P, Yang X, Tang X. Mental Health Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. Am J Psychiatry. 2020
Jul 1;177(7):574-575.
24. Costa M, Pavlo A, Reis G, Ponte K, Davidson L. COVID-19 Concerns Among Persons With Mental Illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2020 Nov 1;71(11):1188-1190.
25. Tang W, Hu T, Hu B, Jin C, Wang G, Xie C, Chen S, Xu J. Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students. J Affect Disord. 2020 Sep 1;274:1-7.
26. Tian F, Li H, Tian S, Yang J, Shao J, Tian C. Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL- 90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19.
Psychiatry Res. 2020 Jun;288:112992.
27. McGinty EE, Presskreischer R, Han H, Barry CL. Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA. 2020 Jul 7;324(1):93-94.
28. Grover S, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Avasthi A, Tripathi A, Subramanyan A, Pattojoshi A, Rao GP, Saha G, Mishra KK, Chakraborty K, Rao NP, Vaishnav M, Singh OP, Dalal PK,
Chadda RK, Gupta R, Gautam S, Sarkar S, Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Kumar V, Janardran Reddy YC. Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: An online survey from India.
Indian J Psychiatry. 2020 Jul-Aug;62(4):354-362.
29. Banerjee D, Viswanath B. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 and possible pathogenic mechanisms: Insights from other coronaviruses. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020
Dec;54:102350.
30. Roy A, Singh AK, Mishra S, Chinnadurai A, Mitra A, Bakshi O. Mental health implications of COVID-19 pandemic and its response in India. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020 Sep
1:20764020950769.
Published
2021-02-27
How to Cite
Dr. Manish Maladkar, Chitra Tekchandani , Dr. Raveena Bajaj. (2021). COVID-19: Impact on Mental Health. The Indian Practitioner, 74(2), 17-22. Retrieved from http://articles.theindianpractitioner.com/index.php/tip/article/view/1120
Section
Review article
