Pneumococcal Vaccination in Adults: Awareness, Recommendations and Coverage
Keywords:
community acquired pneumonia (CAP), pneumococcal vaccination, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes.
Abstract
Pneumococcus is the main cause of community acquired bacterial pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease, and often the cause of secondary infection and complications of viral community acquired pneumonia (CAP) that lead to a rise in health morbidity and economic burden. While pneumococcal vaccination in children below 5 years, especially infants is part of the universal immunization schedule, the awareness and coverage are very low in adults, the risk groups being those over 60 years, and all adults with underlying medical conditions like diabetes, COPD, kidney and heart disease, or immunodeficiency. Adult pneumococcal vaccination has shown to reduce risk of severe pneumococcal pneumonia, invasive pneumococcal disease, hospitalization rates, and mortality. Primary care physicians like general practitioners and family physicians can help greatly enhance awareness, implementation and the overall health benefits derived from adult pneumococcal vaccination.
References
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18. Pant A, Prasai, Rauniyar AK, Adhikary L, Basnet K, Khadka T. Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Admitted to Nephrology Department of a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2021 Oct 15;59(242):1000-1003.
19. Haddiya I. Current Knowledge of Vaccinations in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2020 Jul 27;13:179-185.
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21. Dhar R, Ghoshal AG, Guleria R, Sharma S, Kulkarni T, Swarnakar R, et al. Clinicalpractice guidelines 2019: Indian consensus-based recommendations on pneumococcalvaccination for adults.Lung India. 2020Aug;37(Supplement):S19-S29
22. Koul PA, Vora AC, Jindal SK, Ramasubramanian V, Narayanan V, Tripathi SK, et al. Expert panel opinion on adult pneumococcal vaccination in the post-COVID era (NAP- EXPO Recommendations-2024). Lung India. 2024 Jul 1;41(4):307-317.
23. Rizvi AA, Singh A. Vaccination coverage among older adults: a population-based study in India. Bull World Health Organ. 2022 Jun 1;100(6):375-384.
24. Biyik MV, Arslan I, Yengil Taci D. Study to increase the pneumococcal vaccination rates of individuals aged 65 years and older. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2020 Sep 28;21:e37.
25. Ostropolets A, Shoener Dunham L, Johnson KD, Liu J. Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among adults newly diagnosed with underlying medical conditions and regional variation in the U.S. Vaccine. 2022 Aug 5;40(33):4856-4863.
2. WHO [Internet]. The top 10 causes of Death. Updated Dec 9, 2020. [cited Feb 10, 2023]. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
3. Eshwara VK, Mukhopadhyay C, Rello J. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults: An update. Indian J Med Res. 2020 Apr;151(4):287-302.
4. Regunath H, Oba Y. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430749/
5. Torner N, Izquierdo C, Soldevila N, Toledo D, Chamorro J, Espejo E, Fernández-Sierra A, Domínguez A; Project PI12/02079 Working Group. Factors associated with 30-day mortality in elderly inpatients with community acquired pneumonia during 2 influenza seasons. Hum
Vaccin Immunother. 2017 Feb;13(2):450-455.
6. Ghoshal AG. Burden of Pneumonia in the Community. JAPI 2016 Dec; 64 (special issue). Available from https://www.japi.org/u2b4c434/burden-of-pneumonia-in-the-community
7. CDC [internet]. Clinical Features of Pneumococcal Disease. Updated Jan 27, 2022. [cited Feb 10, 2023]. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/clinicians/clinical- features.html
8. Dhar R, Ghoshal AG, Guleria R, Sharma S, Kulkarni T, Swarnakar R, et al. Clinical practice guidelines 2019: Indian consensus-based recommendations on pneumococcal vaccination for adults. Lung India. 2020 Aug;37(Supplement):S19-S29.
9. Sharma S, Sharma M, Ray P, Chakraborti A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Serotype Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from a Hospital-Based Study in Chandigarh, North India. Cureus. 2022 Jan 19;14(1):e21437.
10. Fukuda H, Onizuka H, Nishimura N, Kiyohara K. Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in persons with chronic medical conditions: Results from the LIFE Study. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Mar;116:216-222.
11. Shea KM, Edelsberg J, Weycker D, Farkouh RA, Strutton DR, Pelton SI. Rates of pneumococcal disease in adults with chronic medical conditions. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1:0.
12. Al-Adsani AM, Abdulla KA. Reasons for hospitalizations in adults with diabetes in Kuwait. Int J Diabetes Mellit. 2015;3(1):65–69.
13. Moe H. Kyaw, Charles E. Rose, Jr, Alicia M. Fry et.al.; The influence of chronic illnesses on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in adults; J Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 1; 192(3): 377-386.
14. Liu J. Impact of diabetes mellitus on pneumonia mortality in a senior population: results from the NHANES III follow-up study. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2013 Sep;10(3):267-71.
15. American Lung Association [Internet]. The Connection between Pneumonia and Lung Disease. Nov 12, 2018. [Feb 10, 2023]. Available from https://www.lung.org/blog/pneumonia-and-lung-disease
16. Mahashur AA, Mullerpattan JB. Rle of Pneumococcal Vaccine in Chronic Lung Diseases. G. Burden of Pneumonia in the Community. JAPI 2015 Apr; 63 (special issue). Available from https://www.japi.org/u2c4a464/role-of-pneumococcal-vaccination-in-chronic-lung-diseases
17. Gunasekaran K, Murthi S, Elango K, Rahi MS, Thilagar B, Ramalingam S, et al. The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Hospitalization. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 11;10(2):235
18. Pant A, Prasai, Rauniyar AK, Adhikary L, Basnet K, Khadka T. Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Admitted to Nephrology Department of a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2021 Oct 15;59(242):1000-1003.
19. Haddiya I. Current Knowledge of Vaccinations in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2020 Jul 27;13:179-185.
20. Im H, Ser J, Sim U.Cho H. Promising Expectations for Pneumococcal Vaccination during COVID-19. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1507.
21. Dhar R, Ghoshal AG, Guleria R, Sharma S, Kulkarni T, Swarnakar R, et al. Clinicalpractice guidelines 2019: Indian consensus-based recommendations on pneumococcalvaccination for adults.Lung India. 2020Aug;37(Supplement):S19-S29
22. Koul PA, Vora AC, Jindal SK, Ramasubramanian V, Narayanan V, Tripathi SK, et al. Expert panel opinion on adult pneumococcal vaccination in the post-COVID era (NAP- EXPO Recommendations-2024). Lung India. 2024 Jul 1;41(4):307-317.
23. Rizvi AA, Singh A. Vaccination coverage among older adults: a population-based study in India. Bull World Health Organ. 2022 Jun 1;100(6):375-384.
24. Biyik MV, Arslan I, Yengil Taci D. Study to increase the pneumococcal vaccination rates of individuals aged 65 years and older. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2020 Sep 28;21:e37.
25. Ostropolets A, Shoener Dunham L, Johnson KD, Liu J. Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among adults newly diagnosed with underlying medical conditions and regional variation in the U.S. Vaccine. 2022 Aug 5;40(33):4856-4863.
Published
2024-12-12
How to Cite
Dr. Salil Bendre, & Dr. Varsha Narayanan. (2024). Pneumococcal Vaccination in Adults: Awareness, Recommendations and Coverage. The Indian Practitioner, 77(11), 5-7. Retrieved from https://articles.theindianpractitioner.com/index.php/tip/article/view/1812
Section
Editorial
