Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM): A Transformative Tool in Diabetes Management - Simplified for Family Physicians
Keywords:
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM), Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG), Time in Range (TIR), Hypoglycemia.
Abstract
Diabetes management requires precise and regular monitoring of blood glucose levels to minimize complications and improve quality of life. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems have emerged as transformative tools that provide real-time, continuous data on glucose levels, enabling patients to make informed decisions about diet, physical activity, and medication. Unlike traditional self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), CGM offers insight into trends and variability, allowing for proactive diabetes management. This article discusses CGM technology, its benefits over SMBG, clinical applications, challenges, and future directions, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize diabetes care.
References
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13. Miller EM. Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Clinical Practice. Clin Diabetes. 2020 Dec;38(5):429-438.
14. Anne L. Peters; The Evidence Base for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. ADA Clinical Compendia 1 August 2018; 2018 (1): 3–7. Available from https://doi.org/10.2337/db20181-3.
15. Tanizawa H, Takahashi H, Mori Y, Utsunomiya K. Comparison of Disparities between FGM/CGM Sensor Glucose Values and Blood Glucose Values in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Admitted for Glycemic Control. Diabetes 1 July 2018; 67 (Supplement_1): 2269/
16.Zheng, M., Luo, Y., Lin, W. et al. Comparing effects of continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) amongst adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 9, 120 (2020).
17. Longo RR, Joshi R; The Devil Is in the Details: Use, Limitations, and Implementation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Inpatient Setting. Diabetes Spectr 1 November 2022; 35 (4): 405–419.
18. Rice MJ, CoursinDB, Riou B; Continuous Measurement of Glucose: Facts and Challenges. Anesthesiology 2012;116:199–204.
19. Petrie JR, Peters AL, Bergenstal RM, Holl RW, Fleming GA, Heinemann L. Improving the Clinical Value and Utility of CGM Systems: Issues and Recommendations: A Joint Statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association
Diabetes Technology Working Group. Diabetes Care. 2017 Dec;40(12):1614-1621.
20. Beck RW, Riddlesworth T, Ruedy K, Ahmann A, Bergenstal R, Haller S, et al; DIAMOND Study Group. Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Injections: The DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Jan
24;317(4):371-378.
2. Benjamin EM; Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: The Basics. Clin Diabetes 1 January 2002; 20 (1): 45–47. Available from https://doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.20.1.45.
3.Odegard PS, Beach JR; Blood Glucose Monitoring: A Practical Guide for Use in the Office and Clinic Setting. Diabetes Spectr. April 1st, 2008; 21 (2): 100–111. Available from https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.21.2.100.
4. ADA [Internet] Choosing a CGM| Glucose Monitor | ADA. Available fromhttps://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/devices-technology/choosing-cgm. Accessed on Nov 2024.
5.Medtronic [Internet]. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Available fromhttps://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/treatments/continuous-glucose-monitoring. Accessed on Nov 2024.
6.Aace Guide to Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM).CGM Device Comparison | American Association of Clinical Endocrinology.Available fromhttps://pro.aace.com/cgm/toolkit/cgm-device-comparison.
7. Continuous Glucose Monitoring - NIDDK. Available from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes/continuous-glucose-monitoring.
8.Battelino T, Danne T, Bergenstal RM, et.al. Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations from the International Consensus on Time in Range. Diabetes Care. 2019 Aug;42(8):1593-1603.
9. Zheng, M., Luo, Y., Lin, W. et al. Comparing effects of continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) amongst adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 9, 120 (2020).
10. Abbot [Internet] Freestyle Libre Pro Glucose Monitoring. Available from https://www.freestyle.abbott/in-en/home.html?srsltid=AfmBOortyANiyQPSnY4TBZmc-ZnQbuBdmvytZV_Y0ws_a9M4C1uMeBFm11.
11. Dexcom [Internet] Glucose Monitoring. Available from https://www.dexcom.com/
12. Leelarathna L, Evans ML, Neupane S, et al.; FLASH-UK Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(16):1477-1487. Davis GM, Hughes MS, Brown SA, et al. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2023;25(10):677-688.
13. Miller EM. Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Clinical Practice. Clin Diabetes. 2020 Dec;38(5):429-438.
14. Anne L. Peters; The Evidence Base for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. ADA Clinical Compendia 1 August 2018; 2018 (1): 3–7. Available from https://doi.org/10.2337/db20181-3.
15. Tanizawa H, Takahashi H, Mori Y, Utsunomiya K. Comparison of Disparities between FGM/CGM Sensor Glucose Values and Blood Glucose Values in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Admitted for Glycemic Control. Diabetes 1 July 2018; 67 (Supplement_1): 2269/
16.Zheng, M., Luo, Y., Lin, W. et al. Comparing effects of continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) amongst adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 9, 120 (2020).
17. Longo RR, Joshi R; The Devil Is in the Details: Use, Limitations, and Implementation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Inpatient Setting. Diabetes Spectr 1 November 2022; 35 (4): 405–419.
18. Rice MJ, CoursinDB, Riou B; Continuous Measurement of Glucose: Facts and Challenges. Anesthesiology 2012;116:199–204.
19. Petrie JR, Peters AL, Bergenstal RM, Holl RW, Fleming GA, Heinemann L. Improving the Clinical Value and Utility of CGM Systems: Issues and Recommendations: A Joint Statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association
Diabetes Technology Working Group. Diabetes Care. 2017 Dec;40(12):1614-1621.
20. Beck RW, Riddlesworth T, Ruedy K, Ahmann A, Bergenstal R, Haller S, et al; DIAMOND Study Group. Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Injections: The DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Jan
24;317(4):371-378.
Published
2025-05-07
How to Cite
Dr. Abhijit Anil Trailokya, & Dr. Suhas Gopal Erande. (2025). Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM): A Transformative Tool in Diabetes Management - Simplified for Family Physicians. The Indian Practitioner, 78(04), 14-22. Retrieved from https://articles.theindianpractitioner.com/index.php/tip/article/view/1898
Section
Review article
