Polymyxin B – A Renaissance in “Criticare” Infection Management
Keywords:
Antibiotic resistance,, Colistin, Nephrotoxicity, Nosocomial infections, Polymyxin B
Abstract
The ever-increasing plague of nosocomial infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensivelydrug resistant (XDR) Gram negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Enterobacteriaceae has led to re-emergence of Polymyxin B and Colistin. They are now considered as the last resort therapy for treating nosocomial infections due to MDR and XDR Gram-negative infections. Polymyxin B and Colistin demonstrate similar microbiological activity which translate into good clinical outcomes. However, in last few years, novel understanding of Polymyxins have emerged with some key clinical differences which have differing clinical implications. The major difference stems from the fact that Polymyxin B is administered as active antibacterial entity whereas Colistin is administered as inactive prodrug form. Owing to a difference in pharmacokinetic handling of Polymyxin B and Colistin, there are differences
in their clinical pharmacokinetics and hence there are potential clinical implications which should be considered by the clinicians to obtain therapeutic efficacy.
Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii and Enterobacteriaceae have become highly prevalent throughout the Indian ICUs. Polymyxin B has shown to be a reliable therapy with proven effectiveness against these MDR Gram-negative strains. Nephrotoxicity is a common adverse effect of Polymyxins. However, owing to different pharmacokinetic features as well as differing renal handling mechanism of Colistin and Polymyxin B, relatively lower incidences of nephrotoxicity is seen in patients treated with Polymyxin B. In this review, we will evaluate the utility and safety of Polymyxin B in critical care infections.
Conflict of Interest: Dr. Manish Maladkar, Srividya Sankar and Akshata Karchodi are full time employees of Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., India.
References
1. Sharma A. Antimicrobial resistance: No action today, no cure tomorrow. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2011; 2 : 91-92.
2. Bhatt P, Tandel K, Shete V, Rathi K. Burden of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria at a tertiary-care centre. New Microbes and New Infect. 2015; 8:166-170.
3. Subhedar V, Jain S. Gram Negative Super Bugs: A New Generation of ICU Infections, an Emerging Challenge for Health Care Settings. American Journal of Microbiological Research. 2016;4(1):47-50.
4. Chaudhry D, Prajapat B. Intensive care unit bugs in India: How do they differ from the Western world? J Assoc Chest Physicians 2017; 5(1):10-7.
5. Venkataraman R, Divatia VJ, Ramakrishnan N, Chawla R, Amin P, Gopal P et al. Multicenter Observational Study to Evaluate Epidemiology and Resistance Patterns of Common Intensive Care Unit‑infections. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2018.22:20-6.
6. Gandra S, Joshi J, Trett A, Lamkang AS, and Laxminarayan R. Scoping Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in India. Washington, DC: Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. 2017. Available from http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wpcontent/ uploads/ScopingreportonAntimicrobialresistance inIndia.pdf
7. Chaudhary K, Lalwani P, Tudu M, Hansdah U, Mishra B, Tempe D et al. Carbapenem Resistance Patterns in General Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. MAMC J Med Sci. 2015;1(2):85-91.
8. Poirel L, Jayol A, Nordmann P. Polymyxins: Antibacterial Activity, Susceptibility Testing, and Resistance Mechanisms Encoded by Plasmids or Chromosomes. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 2017; 2:557-596.
9. Polymyxin B (Polymyxin B Sulfate): Side Effects, Interactions, Warning, Dosage & Uses [Internet]. RxList. 2018 [cited 3 October 2018]. Available from: https://www. rxlist.com/polymyxin-b-drug.html.
10. Zavascki A, Goldani L, Li J, Nation R. Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: a critical review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2007;60(6):1206- 1215.
11. Landman D, GeorgescuC, Martin DA, Quale J. Polymyxins Revisited. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 2008 ;21(3):449-65.
12. Manchandani P, Zhou J, Ledesma K, Truong L, Chow D, Eriksen J et al. Characterization of Polymyxin B Biodistribution and Disposition in an Animal Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:1029 –1034.
13. Jawetz e. Infections with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa treated with Polymyxin b. Arch Intern Med. 1952;89(1):90-98. 13. Thamlikitkul V, Dubrovskaya Y, Manchandani P, Ngamprasertchai T, Boonyasiri A, Babic J et al. Dosing and Pharmacokinetics of Polymyxin B in Patients with Renal Insufficiency. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2017; 61:1337-16.
14. Zavascki AP, Goldani LZ, Cao G, Superti SV, Lutz L, Barth AL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Polymyxin B in Critically Ill Patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(10):1298-304.
15. Kwa ALH, Abdelraouf K, Low JGH, Tam VH. Pharmacokinetics of Polymyxin B in a Patient with Renal Insufficiency: A Case Report. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011; 52(10):1280–1.
16. Pogue J, Ortwine J, Kaye K. Clinical considerations for optimal use of the polymyxins: A focus on agent selection and dosing. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2017; 23(4):229–33.
17. Gales AC, Jones RN, Sader HS. Contemporary activity of colistin and polymyxin B against a worldwide collection of Gram-negative pathogens: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2006–09). J AntimicrobChemother. 2011; 66(9):2070-4.
18. Sader HS, Rhomberg PR, Farrell DJ. Differences in Potency and Categorical Agreement between Colistin and Polymyxin B when Testing 15,377 Strains Collected Worldwide [Internet]. https://www.jmilabs.com/data/posters/ IDWEEK2014/493. PDF. [cited 2018 Oct4]. Available from: https://www.jmilabs.com/data/posters/IDWEEK 2014 /493.PDF
19. Gupta D, Agarwal R, Aggarwal A, Singh N, Mishra N, Khilnani G et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of community-and hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: Joint ICS/NCCP(I) recommendations. Lung India. 2012;29(6):27.
20. Kalil A, Metersky M, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney D, Palmer L et al. Executive Summary: Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016; 63(5):575- 582.
21. Hagihara M, Housman ST, Nicolau DP, Kuti JL. In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of Polymyxin B and Tigecycline Alone and in Combination against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2013; 58(2):874–9.
22. Rosales-Reyes R, Alcántar-Curiel, Jarillo-Quijada , Gayosso- Vázquez C, Morfin-Otero MdelR, Rodríguez-Noriega E, et al. Biofilm Formation and Susceptibility to Polymyxin B by a Highly Prevalent Clone of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii from a Mexican Tertiary Care Hospital. Chemotherapy. 2015; 61(1):8–14.
21. Thamlikitkul V, Tiengrim S, Seenama C. In vitro activity of polymyxin B against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014; 97 (12):1254-8.
22. Rosales-Reyes R, Alcántar-Curiel MD, Jarillo-Quijada MD, Gayosso-Vázquez C, Morfin-Otero MDR, Rodríguez- Noriega E, et al. Biofilm Formation and Susceptibility to Polymyxin B by a Highly Prevalent Clone of Multidrug- Resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii from a Mexican Tertiary Care Hospital. Chemotherapy. 2015; 61(1):8–14.
23. Teo J, Lim T-P, Hsu L-Y, Tan T-Y, Sasikala S, Hon P-Y, et al. Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii in a Thai hospital: a molecular epidemiologic analysis and identification of bactericidal Polymyxin B-based combinations. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control.2015; 4(1).
24. Barth N, Ribeiro VB, Zavascki AP. In Vitro Activity of Polymyxin B plus Imipenem, Meropenem, or Tigecycline against KPC-2-Producing Enterobacteriaceae with High MICs for These Antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:3596 –3597
25. Marik PE, TaebAM. SIRS, qSOFA and new sepsis definition. J Thorac Dis. 2017 ; 9(4): 943–945.
26. Garidel P, Brandenburg K. Current Understanding of Polymyxin B Applications in Bacteraemia/ Sepsis Therapy Prevention: Clinical, Pharmaceutical, Structural and Mechanistic Aspects. Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2009 Jan;8(4):367–85.
27. Cooperstock MS. Inactivation of Endotoxin by Polymyxin B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1974Jan;6(4):422– 5.
28. Ramasubban S, Majumdar A, Das P. Safety and efficacy of polymyxin B in multidrug resistant gram-negative severe sepsis and septic shock. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2008; 12(4):153-157.
29. Nelson BC, Eiras DP, Gomez-Simmonds A, Loo AS, Satlin MJ, Jenkins SG, et al. Clinical Outcomes Associated with Polymyxin B Dose in Patients with Bloodstream Infections Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Rods. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2015;59(11):7000–6.
30. Siddiqui N-U-R, Qamar FN, Jurair H, Haque A. Multi-drug resistant gram negative infections and use of intravenous polymyxin B in critically ill children of developing country: retrospective cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2014;14(1):1-7
31. John P. Ouderkirk, Jill A. Nord, Glenn S. Turett, and Jay Ward Kislak. Polymyxin B Nephrotoxicity and Efficacy against Nosocomial Infections Caused by Multiresistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003; 47(3):2659-62.
32. Furtado G.H.C., d’Azevedo P.A., Santos A.F., Gales A.C., Pignatari A.C.C., Medeiros E.A.S. Intravenous polymyxin B for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2007;30 (4): 315-319.
33. Bhagawati G, Barkataki D, Hazarika N. Study on isolates of acute meningitis in a tertiary care centre in Assam. International Journal of Medicine and Public Health. 2014;4(4):446 –450.
34. Velkov T, Dai C, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Hoyer D, Li J. Polymyxins for CNS infections: Pharmacology and neurotoxicity. PharmacolTher. 2018 ; 181:85–90.
35. Nation RL, Velkov T, Li J. Colistin and Polymyxin B: Peas in a Pod, or Chalk and Cheese? Clin Infect Dis. 2014 ;59(1):88– 94.
36. Zavascki AP, Nation RL. Nephrotoxicity of Polymyxins: Is There Any Difference between Colistimethate and Polymyxin B? Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2017;61(3):1-10.
37. Karaiskos I, Friberg LE, Pontikis K, Ioannidis K, Tsagkari V, Galani L, et al. Colistin Population Pharmaco-kinetics after Application of a Loading Dose of 9 MU Colistin Methanesulfonate in Critically Ill Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:7240 –7248
38. Mohamed AF, Karaiskos I, Plachouras D, Karvanen M, Pontikis K, Jansson B, et al. Application of a Loading Dose of Colistin Methanesulfonate in Critically Ill Patients: Population Pharmacokinetics, Protein Binding, and Prediction of Bacterial Kill. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2012;56(8):4241-9.
39. Sandri AM, Landersdorfer CB, Jacob J, Boniatti MM, Dalarosa MG, Falci DR, et al. Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Polymyxin B in Critically Ill Patients: Implications for Selection of Dosage Regimens. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(4):524-31.
40. Nation RL, Garonzik SM, Thamlikitkul V, Giamarellos- Bourboulis EJ, Forrest A, Paterson DL, et al. Dosing guidance for intravenous colistin in critically-ill patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64(5): 565–571.
42. Aggarwal R, Dewan A. Comparison of nephrotoxicity of Colistin with Polymyxin B administered in currently recommended doses: a prospective study. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2018; 17(1):1-8.
43. Akajagbor DS, Wilson SL, Shere-Wolfe KD, Dakum P, Charurat ME, Gilliam BL. Higher Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury With Intravenous Colistimethate Sodium Compared With Polymyxin B in Critically Ill Patients at a Tertiary Care Medical Center. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(9):1300-3.
44. Tuon FF, Rigatto MH, Lopes CK, Kamei LK, Rocha JL, Zavascki AP. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients treated with polymyxin B or colistinmethanesulfonate sodium. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014 Apr;43(4):349-52.
45. Rigatto MH, Oliveira MS, Perdigão-Neto LV, Levin AS, Carrilho CM, Tanita MT, et al. Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Renal Failure in Patients Treated with Colistin versus Polymyxin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 ;60(4):2443-9.
46. Roger L. Nation and Jian Li. Polymyxins.In:Grayson LM; editors. Kucer’sThe use of Antibiotics; 7th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
2. Bhatt P, Tandel K, Shete V, Rathi K. Burden of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria at a tertiary-care centre. New Microbes and New Infect. 2015; 8:166-170.
3. Subhedar V, Jain S. Gram Negative Super Bugs: A New Generation of ICU Infections, an Emerging Challenge for Health Care Settings. American Journal of Microbiological Research. 2016;4(1):47-50.
4. Chaudhry D, Prajapat B. Intensive care unit bugs in India: How do they differ from the Western world? J Assoc Chest Physicians 2017; 5(1):10-7.
5. Venkataraman R, Divatia VJ, Ramakrishnan N, Chawla R, Amin P, Gopal P et al. Multicenter Observational Study to Evaluate Epidemiology and Resistance Patterns of Common Intensive Care Unit‑infections. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2018.22:20-6.
6. Gandra S, Joshi J, Trett A, Lamkang AS, and Laxminarayan R. Scoping Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in India. Washington, DC: Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. 2017. Available from http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wpcontent/ uploads/ScopingreportonAntimicrobialresistance inIndia.pdf
7. Chaudhary K, Lalwani P, Tudu M, Hansdah U, Mishra B, Tempe D et al. Carbapenem Resistance Patterns in General Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. MAMC J Med Sci. 2015;1(2):85-91.
8. Poirel L, Jayol A, Nordmann P. Polymyxins: Antibacterial Activity, Susceptibility Testing, and Resistance Mechanisms Encoded by Plasmids or Chromosomes. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 2017; 2:557-596.
9. Polymyxin B (Polymyxin B Sulfate): Side Effects, Interactions, Warning, Dosage & Uses [Internet]. RxList. 2018 [cited 3 October 2018]. Available from: https://www. rxlist.com/polymyxin-b-drug.html.
10. Zavascki A, Goldani L, Li J, Nation R. Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: a critical review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2007;60(6):1206- 1215.
11. Landman D, GeorgescuC, Martin DA, Quale J. Polymyxins Revisited. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 2008 ;21(3):449-65.
12. Manchandani P, Zhou J, Ledesma K, Truong L, Chow D, Eriksen J et al. Characterization of Polymyxin B Biodistribution and Disposition in an Animal Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:1029 –1034.
13. Jawetz e. Infections with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa treated with Polymyxin b. Arch Intern Med. 1952;89(1):90-98. 13. Thamlikitkul V, Dubrovskaya Y, Manchandani P, Ngamprasertchai T, Boonyasiri A, Babic J et al. Dosing and Pharmacokinetics of Polymyxin B in Patients with Renal Insufficiency. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2017; 61:1337-16.
14. Zavascki AP, Goldani LZ, Cao G, Superti SV, Lutz L, Barth AL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Polymyxin B in Critically Ill Patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(10):1298-304.
15. Kwa ALH, Abdelraouf K, Low JGH, Tam VH. Pharmacokinetics of Polymyxin B in a Patient with Renal Insufficiency: A Case Report. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011; 52(10):1280–1.
16. Pogue J, Ortwine J, Kaye K. Clinical considerations for optimal use of the polymyxins: A focus on agent selection and dosing. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2017; 23(4):229–33.
17. Gales AC, Jones RN, Sader HS. Contemporary activity of colistin and polymyxin B against a worldwide collection of Gram-negative pathogens: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2006–09). J AntimicrobChemother. 2011; 66(9):2070-4.
18. Sader HS, Rhomberg PR, Farrell DJ. Differences in Potency and Categorical Agreement between Colistin and Polymyxin B when Testing 15,377 Strains Collected Worldwide [Internet]. https://www.jmilabs.com/data/posters/ IDWEEK2014/493. PDF. [cited 2018 Oct4]. Available from: https://www.jmilabs.com/data/posters/IDWEEK 2014 /493.PDF
19. Gupta D, Agarwal R, Aggarwal A, Singh N, Mishra N, Khilnani G et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of community-and hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: Joint ICS/NCCP(I) recommendations. Lung India. 2012;29(6):27.
20. Kalil A, Metersky M, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney D, Palmer L et al. Executive Summary: Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016; 63(5):575- 582.
21. Hagihara M, Housman ST, Nicolau DP, Kuti JL. In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of Polymyxin B and Tigecycline Alone and in Combination against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2013; 58(2):874–9.
22. Rosales-Reyes R, Alcántar-Curiel, Jarillo-Quijada , Gayosso- Vázquez C, Morfin-Otero MdelR, Rodríguez-Noriega E, et al. Biofilm Formation and Susceptibility to Polymyxin B by a Highly Prevalent Clone of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii from a Mexican Tertiary Care Hospital. Chemotherapy. 2015; 61(1):8–14.
21. Thamlikitkul V, Tiengrim S, Seenama C. In vitro activity of polymyxin B against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014; 97 (12):1254-8.
22. Rosales-Reyes R, Alcántar-Curiel MD, Jarillo-Quijada MD, Gayosso-Vázquez C, Morfin-Otero MDR, Rodríguez- Noriega E, et al. Biofilm Formation and Susceptibility to Polymyxin B by a Highly Prevalent Clone of Multidrug- Resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii from a Mexican Tertiary Care Hospital. Chemotherapy. 2015; 61(1):8–14.
23. Teo J, Lim T-P, Hsu L-Y, Tan T-Y, Sasikala S, Hon P-Y, et al. Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii in a Thai hospital: a molecular epidemiologic analysis and identification of bactericidal Polymyxin B-based combinations. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control.2015; 4(1).
24. Barth N, Ribeiro VB, Zavascki AP. In Vitro Activity of Polymyxin B plus Imipenem, Meropenem, or Tigecycline against KPC-2-Producing Enterobacteriaceae with High MICs for These Antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:3596 –3597
25. Marik PE, TaebAM. SIRS, qSOFA and new sepsis definition. J Thorac Dis. 2017 ; 9(4): 943–945.
26. Garidel P, Brandenburg K. Current Understanding of Polymyxin B Applications in Bacteraemia/ Sepsis Therapy Prevention: Clinical, Pharmaceutical, Structural and Mechanistic Aspects. Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2009 Jan;8(4):367–85.
27. Cooperstock MS. Inactivation of Endotoxin by Polymyxin B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1974Jan;6(4):422– 5.
28. Ramasubban S, Majumdar A, Das P. Safety and efficacy of polymyxin B in multidrug resistant gram-negative severe sepsis and septic shock. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2008; 12(4):153-157.
29. Nelson BC, Eiras DP, Gomez-Simmonds A, Loo AS, Satlin MJ, Jenkins SG, et al. Clinical Outcomes Associated with Polymyxin B Dose in Patients with Bloodstream Infections Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Rods. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2015;59(11):7000–6.
30. Siddiqui N-U-R, Qamar FN, Jurair H, Haque A. Multi-drug resistant gram negative infections and use of intravenous polymyxin B in critically ill children of developing country: retrospective cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2014;14(1):1-7
31. John P. Ouderkirk, Jill A. Nord, Glenn S. Turett, and Jay Ward Kislak. Polymyxin B Nephrotoxicity and Efficacy against Nosocomial Infections Caused by Multiresistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003; 47(3):2659-62.
32. Furtado G.H.C., d’Azevedo P.A., Santos A.F., Gales A.C., Pignatari A.C.C., Medeiros E.A.S. Intravenous polymyxin B for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2007;30 (4): 315-319.
33. Bhagawati G, Barkataki D, Hazarika N. Study on isolates of acute meningitis in a tertiary care centre in Assam. International Journal of Medicine and Public Health. 2014;4(4):446 –450.
34. Velkov T, Dai C, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Hoyer D, Li J. Polymyxins for CNS infections: Pharmacology and neurotoxicity. PharmacolTher. 2018 ; 181:85–90.
35. Nation RL, Velkov T, Li J. Colistin and Polymyxin B: Peas in a Pod, or Chalk and Cheese? Clin Infect Dis. 2014 ;59(1):88– 94.
36. Zavascki AP, Nation RL. Nephrotoxicity of Polymyxins: Is There Any Difference between Colistimethate and Polymyxin B? Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2017;61(3):1-10.
37. Karaiskos I, Friberg LE, Pontikis K, Ioannidis K, Tsagkari V, Galani L, et al. Colistin Population Pharmaco-kinetics after Application of a Loading Dose of 9 MU Colistin Methanesulfonate in Critically Ill Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:7240 –7248
38. Mohamed AF, Karaiskos I, Plachouras D, Karvanen M, Pontikis K, Jansson B, et al. Application of a Loading Dose of Colistin Methanesulfonate in Critically Ill Patients: Population Pharmacokinetics, Protein Binding, and Prediction of Bacterial Kill. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2012;56(8):4241-9.
39. Sandri AM, Landersdorfer CB, Jacob J, Boniatti MM, Dalarosa MG, Falci DR, et al. Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Polymyxin B in Critically Ill Patients: Implications for Selection of Dosage Regimens. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(4):524-31.
40. Nation RL, Garonzik SM, Thamlikitkul V, Giamarellos- Bourboulis EJ, Forrest A, Paterson DL, et al. Dosing guidance for intravenous colistin in critically-ill patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64(5): 565–571.
42. Aggarwal R, Dewan A. Comparison of nephrotoxicity of Colistin with Polymyxin B administered in currently recommended doses: a prospective study. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2018; 17(1):1-8.
43. Akajagbor DS, Wilson SL, Shere-Wolfe KD, Dakum P, Charurat ME, Gilliam BL. Higher Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury With Intravenous Colistimethate Sodium Compared With Polymyxin B in Critically Ill Patients at a Tertiary Care Medical Center. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(9):1300-3.
44. Tuon FF, Rigatto MH, Lopes CK, Kamei LK, Rocha JL, Zavascki AP. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients treated with polymyxin B or colistinmethanesulfonate sodium. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014 Apr;43(4):349-52.
45. Rigatto MH, Oliveira MS, Perdigão-Neto LV, Levin AS, Carrilho CM, Tanita MT, et al. Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Renal Failure in Patients Treated with Colistin versus Polymyxin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 ;60(4):2443-9.
46. Roger L. Nation and Jian Li. Polymyxins.In:Grayson LM; editors. Kucer’sThe use of Antibiotics; 7th ed. CRC Press; 2018.
Published
2019-07-24
How to Cite
Dr. Manish Maladkar, Dr. Niteen D. Karnik , Srividya Sankar , Akshata Karchodi. (2019). Polymyxin B – A Renaissance in “Criticare” Infection Management. The Indian Practitioner, 72(7), 28-37. Retrieved from https://articles.theindianpractitioner.com/index.php/tip/article/view/393
Section
Review article
