Development of a Vaccine against P. falciparum
Abstract
Development of a malaria vaccine, first started around 40 years ago when it was found that live sporozoites transmitted by bites of irradiated mosquitoes were protective against subsequent exposure to malaria. Research, though, has gained momentum only in the last decade. It has been fueled by funds from government as well as non-government agencies and by the decreasing prevalence and transmission rates which have again led us to believe that malaria can be eradicated. With the initial aim to decrease mortality, vaccines are being developed
against P.falciparum’s various stages of development, each stage providing many antigens to aim against. Apart from developing vaccines against pre-erythrocytic and erythrocyticstage antigens at present, a future goal would be to develop a vaccine against gametocytic antigens which would help in decreasing transmission. Given the prevalence of abundant polymorphisms, an efficacy of 50 % achieved by the leading candidate RTS,S is considered enough for it to get approved in the near future. Nevertheless, development of a multiepitope and multivalent vaccine covering most common strains of more than one antigen is going on. Also, adjuvants that can recruit different cell types of the immune system and increase vaccine efficacy are in development. Over
20 projects comprising whole organism, subunit and DNA vaccines are in various stages of clinical trials out of which one project aims P.vivax.
References
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35. Didierlaurent AM, Collignon C, Bourguignon P, Wouters S, Fierens K, Fochesato M, et al. Enhancement of Adaptive Immunity by the Human Vaccine Adjuvant AS01 Depends on Activated Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 2014;:1400948.
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37. Moon JJ, Suh H, Bershteyn A, Stephan MT, Liu H, Huang B, et al. Interbilayer-Crosslinked Multilamellar Vesicles as Synthetic Vaccines for Potent Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Nat Mater 2011;10(3):243–51.
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9. Vanderberg JP, Frevert U. Intravital microscopy demonstrating antibody-mediated immobilisation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites injected into skin by mosquitoes. Int J Parasitol 2004;34(9):991–6.
10. Kebaier C, Voza T, Vanderberg J. Kinetics of Mosquito- Injected Plasmodium Sporozoites in Mice: Fewer Sporozoites Are Injected into Sporozoite-Immunized Mice. PLoS Pathog 2009;5(4):e1000399.
11. Nussenzweig RS, Vanderberg JP, Sanabria Y, Most H. Plasmodium berghei: accelerated clearance of sporozoites from blood as part of immune-mechanism in mice. Exp Parasitol 1972;31(1):88–97.
12. Sun P, Schwenk R, White K, Stoute JA, Cohen J, Ballou WR, et al. Protective immunity induced with malaria vaccine, RTS,S, is linked to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite
protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFNgamma. J Immunol Baltim Md 1950 2003;171(12):6961–7.
13. European Medicines Agency - News and Events - First malaria vaccine receives positive scientific opinion from EMA [Internet]. [cited 2016 Jun 3];Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/ news_and_events/news/2015/07/news_detail_002376. jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1
14. Gordon DM, McGovern TW, Krzych U, Cohen JC, Schneider I, LaChance R, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a recombinantly produced Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-hepatitis B surface antigen subunit vaccine. J Infect Dis 1995;171(6):1576–85.
15. Schwartz L, Brown GV, Genton B, Moorthy VS. A review of malaria vaccine clinical projects based on the WHO rainbow table. Malar J 2012;11(11):10–1186.
16. Olotu A, Fegan G, Wambua J, Nyangweso G, Awuondo KO, Leach A, et al. Four-year efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E and its interaction with malaria exposure. N Engl J Med 2013;368(12):1111–20.
17. The RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership (2014). Efficacy and Safety of the RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine during 18 Months after Vaccination: A Phase 3 Randomized, Controlled Trial in Children and Young Infants at 11 African Sites. PLoS Med 2014;11(7):e1001685.
18. Hoffman SL, Oster CN, Plowe CV, Woollett GR, Beier JC, Chulay JD, et al. Naturally acquired antibodies to sporozoites do not prevent malaria: vaccine development implications. Science 1987;237(4815):639–42.
19. Shott JP, McGrath SM, Pau MG, Custers JHV, Ophorst O, Demoitié M-A, et al. Adenovirus 5 and 35 vectors expressing Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein elicit potent antigen-specific cellular IFN-gamma and antibody responses in mice. Vaccine 2008;26(23):2818–23.
20. Clyde DF, Most H, McCarthy VC, Vanderberg JP. Immunization of man against sporozite-induced falciparum malaria. Am J Med Sci 1973;266(3):169–77.
21. Luke TC, Hoffman SL. Rationale and plans for developing a non-replicating, metabolically active, radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine. J Exp Biol 2003;206(21):3803–8.
22. Seder RA, Chang L-J, Enama ME, Zephir KL, Sarwar UN, Gordon IJ, et al. Protection against malaria by intravenous immunization with a nonreplicating sporozoite vaccine. Science 2013;341(6152):1359–65.
23. SANARIA - Malaria eradication through vaccination [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 3];Available from: http://www. sanaria.com/
24. El Sahly HM, Patel SM, Atmar RL, Lanford TA, Dube T, Thompson D, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant nonglycosylated erythrocyte binding antigen 175 Region II malaria vaccine in healthy adults living in an area where malaria is not endemic. Clin Vaccine Immunol CVI 2010;17(10):1552–9.
25. Dittrich S, Schwöbel B, Jordan S, Vanisaveth V, Rattanaxay P, Christophel EM, et al. Distribution of the two forms of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (eba-175) gene in Lao PDR. Malar J 2003;2(1):23.
26. Spring MD, Cummings JF, Ockenhouse CF, Dutta S, Reidler R, Angov E, et al. Phase 1/2a Study of the Malaria Vaccine Candidate Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA-1) Administered in Adjuvant System AS01B or AS02A. PLOS ONE 2009;4(4):e5254.
27. Audran R, Cachat M, Lurati F, Soe S, Leroy O, Corradin G, et al. Phase I Malaria Vaccine Trial with a Long Synthetic Peptide Derived from the Merozoite Surface Protein 3 Antigen. Infect Immun 2005;73(12):8017–26.
28. Sirima SB, Tiono AB, Ouédraogo A, Diarra A, Ouédraogo AL, Yaro JB, et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Malaria Vaccine Candidate MSP3 Long Synthetic Peptide in 12–24 Months-Old Burkinabe Children. PLoS ONE 2009;4(10):e7549.
29. Polley SD, Tetteh KKA, Lloyd JM, Akpogheneta OJ, Greenwood BM, Bojang KA, et al. Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 3 Is a Target of Allele-Specific
Immunity and Alleles Are Maintained by Natural Selection. J Infect Dis 2007;195(2):279–87.
30. Douglas AD, Williams AR, Illingworth JJ, Kamuyu G, Biswas S, Goodman AL, et al. The blood-stage malaria antigen PfRH5 is susceptible to vaccine-inducible cross-strain neutralizing antibody. Nat Commun 2011;2:601.
31. Douglas AD, Baldeviano GC, Miura K, Wright GJ, Draper SJ. PfRH5 vaccine efficacy against heterologous strain bloodstage Plasmodium falciparum. The Lancet 2014;383:S43.
32. Healer J, McGuinness D, Hopcroft P, Haley S, Carter R, Riley E. Complement-mediated lysis of Plasmodium falciparum gametes by malaria-immune human sera is associated with antibodies to the gamete surface antigen Pfs230. Infect Immun 1997;65(8):3017–23.
33. Goodman AL, Blagborough AM, Biswas S, Wu Y, Hill AV, Sinden RE, et al. A Viral Vectored Prime-Boost Immunization Regime Targeting the Malaria Pfs25 Antigen Induces Transmission-Blocking Activity. PLoS ONE 2011;6(12):e29428.
34. Wu Y, Ellis RD, Shaffer D, Fontes E, Malkin EM, Mahanty S, et al. Phase 1 Trial of Malaria Transmission Blocking Vaccine Candidates Pfs25 and Pvs25 Formulated with Montanide ISA 51. PLoS ONE 2008;3(7):e2636.
35. Didierlaurent AM, Collignon C, Bourguignon P, Wouters S, Fierens K, Fochesato M, et al. Enhancement of Adaptive Immunity by the Human Vaccine Adjuvant AS01 Depends on Activated Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 2014;:1400948.
36. Moon JJ, Suh H, Li AV, Ockenhouse CF, Yadava A, Irvine DJ. Enhancing humoral responses to a malaria antigen with nanoparticle vaccines that expand Tfh cells and promote germinal center induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012;109(4):1080– 5.
37. Moon JJ, Suh H, Bershteyn A, Stephan MT, Liu H, Huang B, et al. Interbilayer-Crosslinked Multilamellar Vesicles as Synthetic Vaccines for Potent Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Nat Mater 2011;10(3):243–51.
38. Glück R, Mischler R, Brantschen S, Just M, Althaus B, Cryz SJ. Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virus virosome vaccine delivery system for immunization against hepatitis A. J Clin Invest 1992;90(6):2491–5.
39. Swiss TPH :: Malaria Vaccine [Internet]. [cited 2016 Jun 3];Available from: http://www.swisstph.ch/datensatzsammlung/ newsletter/newsletter-july/malaria-vaccine.html
Published
2019-07-24
How to Cite
Shah N J. (2019). Development of a Vaccine against P. falciparum. The Indian Practitioner, 69(8), 26-31. Retrieved from https://articles.theindianpractitioner.com/index.php/tip/article/view/405
Section
Review article
