Zika Virus: An Indian Perspective
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases like Malaria and Dengue are highly prevalent in India. Zika virus disease, mosquito- borne disease is posing a threat in India due to high prevalence of the mosquito, namely Aedes aegypti, that also transmits Dengue virus. Zika Virus, a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, after being first isolated from a sentinel rhesus macaque monkey in 1947 clinically presented for the first time in 1954 in 3 patients in Nigeria. Infection presents classically as acute onset low-grade fever with maculopapular pruritic rash, arthralgia (notably in small joints of hands and feet) or conjunctivitis (nonpurulent). Neurological complications including congenital microcephaly, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), myelitis, and meningoencephalitis have been reported. However, the virus has caused less than 10 possible deaths worldwide till date. No case has been reported in India as of now but since there is a possibility of establishment of disease, the Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, has issued detailed guidelines for community-based surveillance, international travel, laboratory diagnosis, vector control and research. Prevention will be the best practice.
References
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28. Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, et al. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)--2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e2681.
29. Wong PS, Li MZ, Chong CS, Ng LC, Tan CH. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse): a potential vector of Zika virus in Singapore. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7:e2348.
30. Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo AS, et al. Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 2016.
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32. Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, et al. Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Euro Surveill 2014;19.
33. Jouannic JM, Friszer S, Leparc-Goffart I, Garel C, Eyrolle- Guignot D. Zika virus infection in French Polynesia. Lancet 2016;387:1051-2.
34. Meaney-Delman D, Hills SL, Williams C, et al. Zika Virus Infection Among U.S. Pregnant Travelers - August 2015-February 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:211-4.
35. Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Keating MK, et al. Notes from the Field: Evidence of Zika Virus Infection in Brain and Placental Tissues from Two Congenitally Infected Newborns and Two Fetal Losses - Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:159-60.
36. Driggers RW, Ho CY, Korhonen EM, et al. Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities. N Engl J Med 2016;374:2142-51.
37. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, et al. Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly. N Engl J Med 2016;374:951-8.
38. Brasil P, Pereira JP, Jr., Raja Gabaglia C, et al. Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med 2016.
39. Victora CG, Schuler-Faccini L, Matijasevich A, Ribeiro E, Pessoa A, Barros FC. Microcephaly in Brazil: how to interpret reported numbers? Lancet 2016;387:621-4.
40. Fleming-Dutra KE, Nelson JM, Fischer M, et al. Update: Interim Guidelines for Health Care Providers Caring for Infants and Children with Possible Zika Virus Infection - United States, February 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:182-7.
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2. Macnamara FN. Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1954;48:139-45.
3. Korhonen EM, Huhtamo E, Smura T, Kallio-Kokko H, Raassina M, Vapalahti O. Zika virus infection in a traveller returning from the Maldives, June 2015. Euro Surveill 2016;21.
4. Baba SS, Fagbami AH, Ojeh CK. Preliminary studies on the use of solid-phase immunosorbent techniques for the rapid detection of Wesselsbron virus (WSLV) IgM by haemagglutination inhibition.
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;22:71-9.
5. Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, et al. Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1232-9.
6. Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, et al. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2536-43.
7. Ioos S, Mallet HP, Leparc Goffart I, Gauthier V, Cardoso T, Herida M. Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics. Med Mal Infect 2014;44:302-7.
8. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika Virus. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1552-63.
9. World Health Organization. Emergencies: Zika situation report., 2016. (Accessed 1st June, 2016, at http://www.who. int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/en/.)
10. World Health Organization. Consensus on causal link between Zika and neurological disorders. 2016. (Accessed 1st June 2016, 2016, at http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/ emergencies/zika-virus/news/news/2016/04/consensus-oncausal- link-between-zika-and-neurological-disorders )
11. World Health Organization. Zika situation report. 2016. (Accessed at http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/ situation-report/7-april-2016/en/.)
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency Preparedness and Response: Recognizing, Managing, and Reporting Zika Virus Infections in Travelers Returning from Central America, South America, the Caribbean, and Mexico. 2016. (Accessed at http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00385. asp.)
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Newsroom: CDC adds countries to interim travel guidance related to Zika virus. 2016. (Accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/media/ releases/2016/s0122-zika-travel-guidance.html.)
14. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid Risk Assessment: Zika virus disease epidemic: Potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome (first update), Stockholm 2016. 2016. (Accessed at http:// ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/rapid-riskassessment- zika-virus-first-update-jan-2016.pdf.)
15. World Health Organization. WHO statement on the 2nd meeting of IHR Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. 2016. (Accessed at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/statements/2016/2nd-emergency-committee-zika/en/.)
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC issues advice for travel to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. 2016. (Accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0226- summer-olympic-games.html.)
17. Cetron M. Revision to CDC’s Zika Travel Notices: Minimal Likelihood for Mosquito-Borne Zika Virus Transmission at Elevations Above 2,000 Meters. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:267-8.
18. Kuno G, Chang GJ. Full-length sequencing and genomic characterization of Bagaza, Kedougou, and Zika viruses. Arch Virol 2007;152:687-96.
19. Gatherer D, Kohl A. Zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas. J Gen Virol 2016;97:269-73.
20. Basarab M, Bowman C, Aarons EJ, Cropley I. Zika virus. BMJ 2016;352:i1049.
21. Faye O, Freire CC, Iamarino A, et al. Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20(th) century. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e2636.
22. Hamel R, Dejarnac O, Wichit S, et al. Biology of Zika Virus Infection in Human Skin Cells. J Virol 2015;89:8880-96.
23. Plourde A, Bloch E. A literature review of Zika virus. Emerg Infect Di 2016.
24. Buckley A, Gould EA. Detection of virus-specific antigen in the nuclei or nucleoli of cells infected with Zika or Langat virus. J Gen Virol 1988;69 ( Pt 8):1913-20.
25. Marchette NJ, Garcia R, Rudnick A. Isolation of Zika virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1969;18:411-5.
26. Li MI, Wong PS, Ng LC, Tan CH. Oral susceptibility of Singapore Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) to Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6:e1792.
27. Boorman JP, Porterfield JS. A simple technique for infection of mosquitoes with viruses; transmission of Zika virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1956;50:238-42.
28. Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, et al. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)--2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e2681.
29. Wong PS, Li MZ, Chong CS, Ng LC, Tan CH. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse): a potential vector of Zika virus in Singapore. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7:e2348.
30. Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo AS, et al. Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 2016.
31. Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau V, Musso D. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill 2014;19.
32. Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, et al. Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Euro Surveill 2014;19.
33. Jouannic JM, Friszer S, Leparc-Goffart I, Garel C, Eyrolle- Guignot D. Zika virus infection in French Polynesia. Lancet 2016;387:1051-2.
34. Meaney-Delman D, Hills SL, Williams C, et al. Zika Virus Infection Among U.S. Pregnant Travelers - August 2015-February 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:211-4.
35. Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Keating MK, et al. Notes from the Field: Evidence of Zika Virus Infection in Brain and Placental Tissues from Two Congenitally Infected Newborns and Two Fetal Losses - Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:159-60.
36. Driggers RW, Ho CY, Korhonen EM, et al. Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities. N Engl J Med 2016;374:2142-51.
37. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, et al. Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly. N Engl J Med 2016;374:951-8.
38. Brasil P, Pereira JP, Jr., Raja Gabaglia C, et al. Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med 2016.
39. Victora CG, Schuler-Faccini L, Matijasevich A, Ribeiro E, Pessoa A, Barros FC. Microcephaly in Brazil: how to interpret reported numbers? Lancet 2016;387:621-4.
40. Fleming-Dutra KE, Nelson JM, Fischer M, et al. Update: Interim Guidelines for Health Care Providers Caring for Infants and Children with Possible Zika Virus Infection - United States, February 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:182-7.
41. Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, et al. Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lancet 2016;387:1531-9.
42. Guidelines for laboratory detection & diagnosis of Zika Virus diseases. 2016. (Accessed 1st June, 2016, at http://www.mohfw. nic.in/showfile.php?lid=3725.)
Published
2019-07-25
How to Cite
Udit Narang, Narang P, Suri V, Bhalla A. (2019). Zika Virus: An Indian Perspective. The Indian Practitioner, 69(7), 40-44. Retrieved from https://articles.theindianpractitioner.com/index.php/tip/article/view/420
Section
Review article
