Lumbar disc herniation: Evidence-based guidelines–a review
Abstract
No abstract
References
1. Oppenheim HK, Krause F. Ueber Einklemmung bzw. Strangulation der Cauda equina. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1909;35(16):697-700.
2. Castro I et al. The history of spinal surgery for disc disease: an illustrated timeline. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005;63(3A):701-6.
3. Kreiner DS et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 2014;14(1):180-91.
4. Airaksinen O et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(2):S192-300.
5. van Tulder M et al. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(2):S169-91.
6. Waddell G, Burton AK. Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain at work: evidence review. Occup Med. (Lond) 2001;51(2):124-35.
7. Clinical Guideline 88: Low Back Pain. 2015. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).
8. Lee J et al. Low back and radicular pain: a pathway for care developed by the British Pain Society. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):112-20.
9. Koes BW, van Tulder MW,Peul WC. Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica. BMJ. 2007;334(7607):1313-7.
10. Chou R et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern
Med. 2007;147(7):478-91.
11. Chou R et al. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):492-504.
12. Börm WS, Steiger H, Papavero L, Herdmann J, Ohmann C, Schwerdtfeger K. Leitlinie: Lumbaler Bandscheibenvorfall. 2005, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC). 2005;p. 1-14.
13. Glocker F. AWMF Leitlinie: Lumbale Radikulopathie. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. 2012;p. 1-14.
14. Bogduk N. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the management of acute low back pain. The Australasian Faculty of Musculoskeletal Medicine for the National Musculoskeletal Medicine Initiative. 1999;p. 1-121.
15. Fardon DF. Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976), 2001;26(5):461-2.
16. Jordan J, Konstantinou K, O’Dowd J. Herniated lumbar disc. BMJ Clin Evid. 2009; 2009:1118.
17. Kortelainen P et al. Symptoms and signs of sciatica and their relation to the localization of the lumbar disc herniation. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 1985;10(1):88-92.
18. Poiraudeau S et al. Value of the bell test and the hyperextension test for diagnosis in sciatica associated with disc herniation: comparison with Lasegue’s sign and the crossed Lasegue’s sign. Rheumatology. (Oxford) 2001;40(4):460-6.
19. Jensen OH. The level-diagnosis of a lower lumbar disc herniation: the value of sensibility and motor testing. Clin Rheumatol. 1987;6(4):564-9.
20. Jonsson B, Stromqvist B. Symptoms and signs in degeneration of the lumbar spine. A prospective, consecutive study of 300 operated patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(3):381-5.
21. Vucetic N, Svensson O. Physical signs in lumbar disc hernia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996(333):192-201.
22. Albeck MJ. A critical assessment of clinical diagnosis of disc herniation in patients with monoradicular sciatica. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 1996;138(1):40-4.
23. Majlesi J et al. The sensitivity and specificity of the Slump and the Straight Leg Raising tests in patients with lumbar disc herniation. J Clin Rheumatol. 2008; 14 (2):87-91.
24. Greenberg M. Handbook of Neurosurgery. 7th ed. 2010: Thieme.
25. Albeck MJ et al. A controlled comparison of myelography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in clinically suspected lumbar disc herniation. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 1995;20(4):443-8.
26. Jackson RP et al. The neuroradiographic diagnosis of lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus: II. A comparison of computed tomography (CT), myelography, CT-myelography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 1989;14(12):1362-7.
27. Janssen ME et al. Lumbar herniated disk disease: comparison of MRI, myelography, and post-myelographic CT scan with surgical findings. Orthopedics. 1994;17(2):121-7.
28. Pfirrmann CW et al. MR image-based grading of lumbar nerve root compromise due to disk herniation: reliability study with surgical correlation. Radiology. 2004;230(2):583-8.
29. Swartz KR, Trost GR. Recurrent lumbar disc herniation. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;15(3):E10.
30. Fries JW et al. Computed tomography of herniated and extruded nucleus pulposus. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1982;6(5):874-87.
31. Albeck MJ et al. Diagnostic value of electrophysiological tests in patients with sciatica. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;(4):249-54.
32. Beyaz EA, Akyuz G, Us O. The role of somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathies. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;49(4):131-42.
33. Pape E, Eldevik P, Vandvik B. Diagnostic validity of somatosensory evoked potentials in subgroups of patients with sciatica. Eur Spine J. 2002;11(1):38-46.
34. Henmi T et al. Natural history of extruded lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. J Med Invest. 2002;49(1-2):40-3.
35. Marshall RW. The functional relevance of neurological recovery 20 years or more after lumbar discectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(5):554-5.
36. Hagen KB et al. The cochrane review of advice to stay active as a single treatment for low back pain and sciatica. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27(16):1736-41.
37. Olaya-Contreras P et al. The effect of the stay active advice on physical activity and on the course of acute severe low back pain. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2015;7:19.
38. Waddell G, Feder G, Lewis M. Systematic reviews of bed rest and advice to stay active for acute low back pain. Br J Gen Pract. 1997;47(423):647-52.
39. Thackeray A et al. A pilot study examining the effectiveness of physical therapy as an adjunct to selective nerve root block in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain from disk herniation: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2010;90(12): 1717-29.
40. McMorland G et al. Manipulation or microdiskectomy for sciatica? A prospective randomized clinical study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010;33(8):576-84.
41. Santilli V, Beghi E, Finucci S. Chiropractic manipulation in the treatment of acute back pain and sciatica with disc protrusion: a randomized double-blind clinical trial of active and
simulated spinal manipulations. Spine J. 2006;6(2):131-7.
42. Hancock MJ et al. Assessment of diclofenac or spinal manipulative therapy, or both, in addition to recommended first-line treatment for acute low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9599):1638-43.
43. van Tulder MW et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(2):CD000396.
44. Dersh J et al. Prescription opioid dependence is associated with poorer outcomes in disabling spinal disorders. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33(20):2219-27.
45. Finckh A et al. Short-term efficacy of intravenous pulse glucocorticoids in acute discogenic sciatica. A randomized controlled trial. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31(4):377-81.
46. Ackerman WE 3rd, Ahmad M. The efficacy of lumbar epidural steroid injections in patients with lumbar disc herniations. Anesth Analg, 2007;104(5):1217-22, tables of contents.
47. Taskaynatan M A et al. The effectiveness of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with radicular low back pain due to lumbar disc herniation two years after treatment.
J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(3):447-51.
48. Arden NK et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: the WEST study. Rheumatology. (Oxford) 2005;44(11):1399-406.
49. Carette S et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(23):1634-40.
50. Radcliff K et al. The impact of epidural steroid injections on the outcomes of patients treated for lumbar disc herniation: a subgroup analysis of the SPORT trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(15):1353-8.
51. Fager CA. Observations on spontaneous recovery from intervertebral disc herniation. Surg Neurol. 1994;42(4):282-6.
52. Weber H, Holme I, Amlie E. The natural course of acute sciatica with nerve root symptoms in a double-blind placebocontrolled trial evaluating the effect of piroxicam. Spine.
(Phila Pa 1976) 1993;18(11):1433-8.
53. Peul WC et al. Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2245-56.
54. Weinstein JN et al. Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296(20):2441-50.
55. Weinstein JN et al. Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar disc herniation: four-year results for the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33(25):2789-800.
56. Atlas S J et al. Long-term outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: 8 to 10 year results from the maine lumbar spine study. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30(8):936-43.
57. Lequin M B et al. Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica: 5-year results of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 2013. 3(5).
58. Lurie J D et al. Long-term outcomes of lumbar spinal stenosis: eight-year results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine, (Phila Pa 1976) 2015;40(2):63-76.
59. Henriksen L et al. A controlled study of microsurgical versus standard lumbar discectomy. Br J Neurosurg. 1996;10(3):289-93.
60. Tullberg T, Isacson J, Weidenhielm L. Does microscopic removal of lumbar disc herniation lead to better results than the standard procedure? Results of a one-year randomized
study. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 1993;18(1):24-7.
61. Barth M, Weiss C, Thome C. Two-year outcome after lumbar microdiscectomy versus microscopic sequestrectomy: part 1: evaluation of clinical outcome. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976)
2008;33(3):265-72.
62. Schick U, Elhabony R. Prospective comparative study of lumbar sequestrectomy and microdiscectomy. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2009;52(4):180-5.
63. Oosterhuis T et al. Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD003007.
64. Danielsen JM et al. Early aggressive exercise for postoperative rehabilitation after discectomy. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25(8):1015-20.
65. Dolan P et al. Can exercise therapy improve the outcome of microdiscectomy? Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25(12):1523-32.
66. Kjellby-Wendt G, Carlsson SG, StyfJ. Results of early active rehabilitation 5-7 years after surgical treatment for lumbar disc herniation. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2002;15(5):404-9.
2. Castro I et al. The history of spinal surgery for disc disease: an illustrated timeline. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005;63(3A):701-6.
3. Kreiner DS et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 2014;14(1):180-91.
4. Airaksinen O et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(2):S192-300.
5. van Tulder M et al. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(2):S169-91.
6. Waddell G, Burton AK. Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain at work: evidence review. Occup Med. (Lond) 2001;51(2):124-35.
7. Clinical Guideline 88: Low Back Pain. 2015. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).
8. Lee J et al. Low back and radicular pain: a pathway for care developed by the British Pain Society. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):112-20.
9. Koes BW, van Tulder MW,Peul WC. Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica. BMJ. 2007;334(7607):1313-7.
10. Chou R et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern
Med. 2007;147(7):478-91.
11. Chou R et al. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):492-504.
12. Börm WS, Steiger H, Papavero L, Herdmann J, Ohmann C, Schwerdtfeger K. Leitlinie: Lumbaler Bandscheibenvorfall. 2005, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC). 2005;p. 1-14.
13. Glocker F. AWMF Leitlinie: Lumbale Radikulopathie. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. 2012;p. 1-14.
14. Bogduk N. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the management of acute low back pain. The Australasian Faculty of Musculoskeletal Medicine for the National Musculoskeletal Medicine Initiative. 1999;p. 1-121.
15. Fardon DF. Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976), 2001;26(5):461-2.
16. Jordan J, Konstantinou K, O’Dowd J. Herniated lumbar disc. BMJ Clin Evid. 2009; 2009:1118.
17. Kortelainen P et al. Symptoms and signs of sciatica and their relation to the localization of the lumbar disc herniation. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 1985;10(1):88-92.
18. Poiraudeau S et al. Value of the bell test and the hyperextension test for diagnosis in sciatica associated with disc herniation: comparison with Lasegue’s sign and the crossed Lasegue’s sign. Rheumatology. (Oxford) 2001;40(4):460-6.
19. Jensen OH. The level-diagnosis of a lower lumbar disc herniation: the value of sensibility and motor testing. Clin Rheumatol. 1987;6(4):564-9.
20. Jonsson B, Stromqvist B. Symptoms and signs in degeneration of the lumbar spine. A prospective, consecutive study of 300 operated patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(3):381-5.
21. Vucetic N, Svensson O. Physical signs in lumbar disc hernia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996(333):192-201.
22. Albeck MJ. A critical assessment of clinical diagnosis of disc herniation in patients with monoradicular sciatica. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 1996;138(1):40-4.
23. Majlesi J et al. The sensitivity and specificity of the Slump and the Straight Leg Raising tests in patients with lumbar disc herniation. J Clin Rheumatol. 2008; 14 (2):87-91.
24. Greenberg M. Handbook of Neurosurgery. 7th ed. 2010: Thieme.
25. Albeck MJ et al. A controlled comparison of myelography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in clinically suspected lumbar disc herniation. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 1995;20(4):443-8.
26. Jackson RP et al. The neuroradiographic diagnosis of lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus: II. A comparison of computed tomography (CT), myelography, CT-myelography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 1989;14(12):1362-7.
27. Janssen ME et al. Lumbar herniated disk disease: comparison of MRI, myelography, and post-myelographic CT scan with surgical findings. Orthopedics. 1994;17(2):121-7.
28. Pfirrmann CW et al. MR image-based grading of lumbar nerve root compromise due to disk herniation: reliability study with surgical correlation. Radiology. 2004;230(2):583-8.
29. Swartz KR, Trost GR. Recurrent lumbar disc herniation. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;15(3):E10.
30. Fries JW et al. Computed tomography of herniated and extruded nucleus pulposus. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1982;6(5):874-87.
31. Albeck MJ et al. Diagnostic value of electrophysiological tests in patients with sciatica. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;(4):249-54.
32. Beyaz EA, Akyuz G, Us O. The role of somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathies. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;49(4):131-42.
33. Pape E, Eldevik P, Vandvik B. Diagnostic validity of somatosensory evoked potentials in subgroups of patients with sciatica. Eur Spine J. 2002;11(1):38-46.
34. Henmi T et al. Natural history of extruded lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. J Med Invest. 2002;49(1-2):40-3.
35. Marshall RW. The functional relevance of neurological recovery 20 years or more after lumbar discectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(5):554-5.
36. Hagen KB et al. The cochrane review of advice to stay active as a single treatment for low back pain and sciatica. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27(16):1736-41.
37. Olaya-Contreras P et al. The effect of the stay active advice on physical activity and on the course of acute severe low back pain. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2015;7:19.
38. Waddell G, Feder G, Lewis M. Systematic reviews of bed rest and advice to stay active for acute low back pain. Br J Gen Pract. 1997;47(423):647-52.
39. Thackeray A et al. A pilot study examining the effectiveness of physical therapy as an adjunct to selective nerve root block in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain from disk herniation: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2010;90(12): 1717-29.
40. McMorland G et al. Manipulation or microdiskectomy for sciatica? A prospective randomized clinical study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010;33(8):576-84.
41. Santilli V, Beghi E, Finucci S. Chiropractic manipulation in the treatment of acute back pain and sciatica with disc protrusion: a randomized double-blind clinical trial of active and
simulated spinal manipulations. Spine J. 2006;6(2):131-7.
42. Hancock MJ et al. Assessment of diclofenac or spinal manipulative therapy, or both, in addition to recommended first-line treatment for acute low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9599):1638-43.
43. van Tulder MW et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(2):CD000396.
44. Dersh J et al. Prescription opioid dependence is associated with poorer outcomes in disabling spinal disorders. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33(20):2219-27.
45. Finckh A et al. Short-term efficacy of intravenous pulse glucocorticoids in acute discogenic sciatica. A randomized controlled trial. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31(4):377-81.
46. Ackerman WE 3rd, Ahmad M. The efficacy of lumbar epidural steroid injections in patients with lumbar disc herniations. Anesth Analg, 2007;104(5):1217-22, tables of contents.
47. Taskaynatan M A et al. The effectiveness of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with radicular low back pain due to lumbar disc herniation two years after treatment.
J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(3):447-51.
48. Arden NK et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: the WEST study. Rheumatology. (Oxford) 2005;44(11):1399-406.
49. Carette S et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(23):1634-40.
50. Radcliff K et al. The impact of epidural steroid injections on the outcomes of patients treated for lumbar disc herniation: a subgroup analysis of the SPORT trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(15):1353-8.
51. Fager CA. Observations on spontaneous recovery from intervertebral disc herniation. Surg Neurol. 1994;42(4):282-6.
52. Weber H, Holme I, Amlie E. The natural course of acute sciatica with nerve root symptoms in a double-blind placebocontrolled trial evaluating the effect of piroxicam. Spine.
(Phila Pa 1976) 1993;18(11):1433-8.
53. Peul WC et al. Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2245-56.
54. Weinstein JN et al. Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296(20):2441-50.
55. Weinstein JN et al. Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar disc herniation: four-year results for the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33(25):2789-800.
56. Atlas S J et al. Long-term outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: 8 to 10 year results from the maine lumbar spine study. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30(8):936-43.
57. Lequin M B et al. Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica: 5-year results of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 2013. 3(5).
58. Lurie J D et al. Long-term outcomes of lumbar spinal stenosis: eight-year results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine, (Phila Pa 1976) 2015;40(2):63-76.
59. Henriksen L et al. A controlled study of microsurgical versus standard lumbar discectomy. Br J Neurosurg. 1996;10(3):289-93.
60. Tullberg T, Isacson J, Weidenhielm L. Does microscopic removal of lumbar disc herniation lead to better results than the standard procedure? Results of a one-year randomized
study. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 1993;18(1):24-7.
61. Barth M, Weiss C, Thome C. Two-year outcome after lumbar microdiscectomy versus microscopic sequestrectomy: part 1: evaluation of clinical outcome. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976)
2008;33(3):265-72.
62. Schick U, Elhabony R. Prospective comparative study of lumbar sequestrectomy and microdiscectomy. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2009;52(4):180-5.
63. Oosterhuis T et al. Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD003007.
64. Danielsen JM et al. Early aggressive exercise for postoperative rehabilitation after discectomy. Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25(8):1015-20.
65. Dolan P et al. Can exercise therapy improve the outcome of microdiscectomy? Spine. (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25(12):1523-32.
66. Kjellby-Wendt G, Carlsson SG, StyfJ. Results of early active rehabilitation 5-7 years after surgical treatment for lumbar disc herniation. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2002;15(5):404-9.
Published
2019-07-30
How to Cite
Michael Luchtmann, Raimund Firsching. (2019). Lumbar disc herniation: Evidence-based guidelines–a review. The Indian Practitioner, 69(3), 61-66. Retrieved from https://articles.theindianpractitioner.com/index.php/tip/article/view/478
Section
Review article
